Programming Languages

PROGRAMMING IN C

• Introduction to C
  • History and evolution of C
  • Features of C
  • Structure of a C program
  • Compilation and Execution Process
• Basic Syntax & Data Types
  • Keywords and Identifiers
  • Variables and Constants
  • Data types (int, float, char, double)
  • Type conversion and casting
• Operators & Expressions
  • Arithmetic, Relational, Logical, Assignment
  • Increment/Decrement operators
  • Bitwise, Conditional, and Special operators
  • Operator precedence and associativity
• Input and Output
  • printf() and scanf()
  • getchar(), putchar()
  • gets() and puts() (and why they’re unsafe)
• Control Structures
  • if, if-else, nested if
  • switch-case
  • Loops: while, for, do-while
  • break, continue, goto
• Functions
  • Function declaration and definition
  • Function call and return types
  • Call by value vs Call by reference
  • Recursion
• Arrays and Strings
  • Single and multi-dimensional arrays
  • Array of strings
  • String handling functions from string.h
• Pointers
  • Pointer basics and syntax
  • Pointer arithmetic
  • Pointers and arrays
  • Pointers to functions
• Structures and Unions
  • Defining and using structures
  • Arrays of structures
  • Nested structures
  • Difference between structures and unions
• Dynamic Memory Allocation
  • malloc(), calloc(), realloc(), free()
  • Memory leaks and how to avoid them
• File Handling
  • Opening and closing files
  • Reading/writing to files (text & binary)
  • File operations: fprintf, fscanf, fgetc, fputc, etc.
• Preprocessor Directives
  • #define, #include
  • Macros and conditional compilation
  • #ifdef, #ifndef
• Command Line Arguments
• Enum and Typedef
• Linked Lists, Stacks, Queues
  • Implemented with structures and pointers
• Error Handling
  • errno, perror(), strerror()
• Bit Manipulation Techniques
• C Standard Libraries Overview

PROGRAMMING IN PYTHON

• Introduction to Python
  • History and features of Python
  • Installing Python and setting up the environment
  • Writing and executing Python scripts
  • Python IDEs (IDLE, VS Code, PyCharm, etc.)
• Basic Syntax and Data Types
  • Keywords and identifiers
  • Variables  and constants
  • Data types: int, float, str, bool
  • Type casting and type checking
  • Comments and indentation
• Operators and Expressions
  • Arithmetic, Comparison, Logical operators
  • Assignment and Augmented assignment
  • Bitwise operators
  • Operator precedence
• Input and Output
  • input() and print()
  • String formatting (f-strings, .format(), %)
  • Reading from and writing to console
• Control Flow
  • if, if-else, elif
  • for and while loops
  • break, continue, and pass
• Functions
  • Defining and calling functions
  • Arguments: positional, keyword, default, *args, **kwargs
  • Return values
  • Lambda functions
  • Recursion
• Data Structures
  • Lists and list methods
  • Tuples
  • Sets and set operations
  • Dictionaries and dictionary methods
  • Comprehensions: list, set, and dict
• Strings and String Operations
  • String indexing and slicing
  • String methods
  • Regular expressions (re module)
• Modules and Packages
  • Importing built-in modules
  • Creating your own modules
  • The Python Standard Library
  • pip and third-party packages
• File Handling
  • Reading and writing text files
  • Working with binary files
  • Using with statement for file handling
• Exception Handling
  • try, except, else, finally
  • Custom exceptions
• Object-Oriented Programming
  • Classes       and objects
  • __init__       method
  • Instance and class variables
  • Inheritance and polymorphism
  • Encapsulation and abstraction
  • Magic       methods (__str__, __len__, etc.)
• Iterators and Generators
  • __iter__() and __next__()
  • Generator functions and yield keyword
  • itertools module
• Decorators and Context Managers
  • Function decorators
  • Class decorators
  • with statement and custom context managers

Extra / Optional Topics

• Working with Dates and Times
  • datetime, time, and calendar modules
• Functional Programming
  • map(), filter(), reduce(), and lambda
• Multithreading and Multiprocessing
  • Threading basics
  • Using the multiprocessing module
• Regular Expressions
  • Pattern matching, searching, replacing using re
• Working with JSON, CSV, and XML
  • Parsing and writing structured data
• Introduction to Web and API
  • Making HTTP requests with requests
  • Parsing APIs and JSON data
• Basic GUI Programming (Optional)
  • tkinter for desktop GUIs
• Virtual Environments
  • Creating and managing virtual environments with venv and pipenv

PROGRAMMING IN C++ / JAVA

• Introduction to Programming Languages
  • History and features of C++ and Java
  • Use cases and differences
  • Compiling C++ (GCC, g++) vs. Java (JDK, javac)
  • Setting up the development environment (IDEs like VS Code, Code::Blocks, IntelliJ)
• Basic Syntax
  • Structure of a basic program (main method in both)
  • Comments, indentation, and code style
  • Data types: int, float, char, boolean, etc.
  • Variables and constants (final in Java, const in C++)
  • Type casting and conversions
• Operators
  • Arithmetic, Relational, Logical, Bitwise, Assignment
  • Ternary operator
  • Operator precedence
• Input and Output
  • C++: cin, cout, printf, scanf
  • Java: Scanner, System.out.println, BufferedReader
• Control Flow
  • if, else, switch-case
  • Loops: for, while, do-while
  • Jump statements: break, continue, return
• Functions / Methods
  • C++: Functions (with or without return type)
  • Java: Methods (within classes only)
  • Parameters, return values, default arguments (C++)
  • Method overloading
• Arrays and Strings
  • One-dimensional and multi-dimensional arrays
  • C++: C-style strings, std::string
  • Java: String class, StringBuilder, array of strings
• Object-Oriented Programming (Core Concepts)
  • Classes and objects
  • Encapsulation (access modifiers: public, private, protected)
  • Constructors and destructors (Java uses garbage collection, C++ uses manual deletion)
  • this keyword
• Inheritance
  • Single and multilevel inheritance
  • Method overriding
  • Java: extends, super()
  • C++: Constructor chaining, base and derived classes
• Polymorphism
  • Compile-time: function/method overloading
  • Run-time: method overriding, virtual functions (C++), dynamic dispatch (Java)
  • Abstract classes and interfaces (Java: interface, C++: pure virtual functions)
• Exception Handling
  • try, catch, finally (Java), throw
  • Custom exceptions
  • Java: Checked vs. unchecked exceptions
  • C++: Standard exception classes
• File Handling
  • C++: File streams (ifstream, ofstream, fstream)
  • Java: File, FileReader, BufferedReader, FileWriter
• Pointers and References vs. References and Objects
  • C++: Pointers, references, dynamic memory (new, delete)
  • Java: Only references, automatic garbage collection
• Templates and Generics
  • C++: Function and class templates
  • Java: Generics (List<T>, Map<K, V>)
• Collections and STL
  • C++: Vectors, Maps, Sets from STL
  • Java: ArrayList, HashMap, HashSet from Java Collections Framework
• Multithreading
  • C++: std::thread, synchronization with mutex
  • Java: Thread class, Runnable, synchronized keyword
• Memory Management
  • C++: Stack vs. heap, manual memory management
  • Java: Garbage collection, memory leaks
• Preprocessor (C++)
  • #define, #include, macros, conditional compilation
• Packages & Namespaces
  • C++: namespace
  • Java: package, import
• Java-Specific Concepts
  • JVM, JRE, JDK
  • Java API and standard library
  • Inner classes, anonymous classes
• C++-Specific Concepts
  • Copy constructors, operator overloading
  • Smart pointers (unique_ptr, shared_ptr)
  • C++11/14/17 features